Augustus in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
Augustus Caesar | Index
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
AUGUSTUS
(o-gus'-tus) Augoustos:
The first Roman emperor, and noteworthy in Bible history as the emperor in whose
reign the Incarnation took place (Luke 2:1). His original name was Caius
Octavius Caepias and he was born in 63 B.C., the year of Cicero's consulship. He
was the grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, his mother Atia having been the daughter
of Julia, Caesar's younger sister. He was only 19 years of age when Caesar was
murdered in the Senate house (44 B.C.), but with a true instinct of
statesmanship he steered his course through the intrigues and dangers of the
closing years of the republic, and after the battle of Actium was left without a
rival.
Some difficulty was experienced in finding a name that would exactly define the
position of the new ruler of the state. He himself declined the names of rex and
dictator, and in 27 B.C. he was by the decree of the Senate styled Augustus. The
epithet implied respect and veneration beyond what is bestowed on human things:
"Sancta vocant augusta patres: augusta vocantur
Templa sacerdotum rite dicata manu."
-Ovid Fasti. 609; compare Dion Cass., 5316
The Greeks rendered the word by Sebastos, literally, "reverend'" Acts
25:21,25). The name was connected by the Romans with augur-"one consecrated by
religion"-and also with the verb augere. In this way it came to form one of the
German imperial titles "Mehrer des Reichs" (extender of the empire). The length
of the reign of Augustus, extending as it did over 44 years from the battle of
Actium (31 B.C.) to his death (14 A.D.), doubtless contributed much to the
settlement and consolidation of the new regime after the troublous times of the
civil wars.
It is chiefly through the connection of Judaea and Palestine with the Roman
Empire that Augustus comes in contact with early Christianity, or rather with
the political and religious life of the Jewish people at the time of the birth
of Christ: "Now it came to pass in those days, there went out a decree from
Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be enrolled" (Luke 2:1). During the
reign of Herod the Great the government of Palestine was conducted practically
without interference from Rome except, of cou rse, as regarded the exaction of
the tribute; but on the death of that astute and capable ruler (4 B.C.) none of
his three sons among whom his kingdom was divided showed the capacity of their
father.
In the year 6 A.D. the intervention of Augustus was invited by the Jews
themselves to provide a remedy for the incapacity of their ruler, Archelaus, who
was deposed by the emperor from the rule of Judaea; at the same time, while
Caesarea was still the center of the Roman administration, a small Roman
garrison was stationed permanently in Jerusalem. The city, however, was left to
the control of the Jewish Sanhedrin with complete judicial and executive
authority except that the death sentence required confirmation by the Roman
procurator. There is no reason to believe that Augustus entertained any
specially favorable appreciation of Judaism, but from policy he showed himself
favorable to the Jews in Palestine and did everything to keep them from feeling
the pressure of the Roman yoke.
To the Jews of the eastern Diaspora he allowed great privileges. It has even
been held that his aim was to render them pro-Rom, as a counterpoise in some
degree to the pronounced Hellenism of the East; but in the West autonomous
bodies of Jews were never allowed (see Mommsen, Provinces of the Roman Empire,
chapter 11).
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